These terms were researched in WebMD.com, Wikipedia.com, & MerckManuals.com

​

A.

Accelerated Forgetting = Difficulty recalling knowledge recently gained.

ADLs = Activities of Daily Living = in such areas as dressing, bathing, and eating meals.

Acute Confusional States = The cardinal manifestations of delirium are a cognitive disturbance with disorientation, temporal fluctuation, and onset over a few hours or days.

Acute Emotional Distress = Really bad news, extremely terrible conflict, or a very heavy workload.

ADD = Attention Deficit Disorder = named in 1980. Currently the Predominantly Inattentive Type of ADHD.

ADHD = Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder = named in 1994 . It is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person's age. The symptoms appear before a person is twelve years old, are present for more than six months, and cause problems in at least two settings (such as school, home, or recreational activities). Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type or the Combined Type of ADHD.

Alzheimer's Early-Stage = Mild and typically progresses slowly in three general stages — mild (early-stage), moderate (middle-stage), and severe (late-stage). Early stage signs: a person may function independently, may still drive, work and be part of social activities, and despite this, the person may feel as if he or she is having memory lapses, such as forgetting familiar words or the location of everyday objects.

Alzheimer's Middle-Stage = Moderate and is typically the longest stage and can last for many years. As the disease progresses, the person with Alzheimer's will require a greater level of care. Symptoms will be noticeable to others and may include: forgetfulness of events or about one's own personal history, feeling moody or withdrawn, especially in socially or mentally challenging situations, being unable to recall their own address or telephone number or the high school or college from which they graduated, confusion about where they are or what day it is, the need for help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion, trouble controlling bladder and bowels in some individuals, changes in sleep patterns, such as sleeping during the day and becoming restless at night, an increased risk of wandering and becoming lost, and/or personality and behavioral changes, including suspiciousness and delusions or compulsive, repetitive behavior like hand-wringing or tissue shredding.

Alzheimer's Late-Stage = Severe and individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on a conversation and, eventually, to control movement. They may still say words or phrases, but communicating pain becomes difficult. As memory and cognitive skills continue to worsen, significant personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities. At this stage, individuals may: need round-the-clock assistance with daily activities and personal care, lose awareness of recent experiences as well as of their surroundings, experience changes in physical abilities, including the ability to walk, sit and, eventually, swallow, have increasing difficulty communicating, and/or become vulnerable to infections, especially pneumonia.

Agoraphobia = An anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms of anxiety in situations where the person perceives the environment to be unsafe with no easy way to get away. These situations can include open spaces, public transit, shopping malls, or simply being outside the home.

Amnesia = A deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma. Amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives

Aneurysms = Vessel wall dilations at risk of rupture.

Angiography = An injection of radio-opaque agent into the blood and use of a X-ray based techniques such as fluoroscopy.

Annual Incidence Rate = Recent epidemiological data from J.E. Arena. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2017;92(3):399-405 puts TGA annual incidence at 3.4 and 10.4/100,000.

Anterograde Amnesia = A loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia.

Anticonvulsant Therapy = Commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs of the barbiturate class of mood stabilizers.

Antioxidant Defenses = Some antioxidant supplements may promote disease and increase mortality in humans under certain conditions. Hypothetically, free radicals induce an endogenous response that protects against exogenous radicals (and possibly other toxic compounds). Free radicals may increase life span. This increase may be prevented by antioxidants, providing direct evidence that toxic radicals may mitohormetically exert life extending and health promoting effects

Aspartame = Has been found to be safe for human consumption by more than ninety countries worldwide, with FDA officials describing aspartame as "one of the most thoroughly tested and studied food additives the agency has ever approved" and its safety as "clear cut", but has been the subject of several controversies, hoaxes and health scares.

Autographical Amnesia = A memory loss in the system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory.

 

B.

BIMS Test or Calculator = Brief Interview for Mental Status = 7 MS = Seven Minute Screen = Quick snapshot of how well you are functioning cognitively at the moment.  Screens for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Brain Tumor = Occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors. Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors that start within the brain, and secondary tumors that have spread from somewhere else, known as brain metastasis tumors. All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved. These symptoms may include headaches, seizures, problem with vision, vomiting, and mental changes.

 

C.

CAT Scan = Computerized Axial Tomography Scan = CT Scan = Special X-ray equipment to display cross-sectional images of the brain and skull to locate narrowed, overstretched or broken blood vessels and past strokes.

Cerebral Ischemia = or brain ischemia, a condition that occurs when there isn’t enough blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demand. This leads to limited oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and leads to the death of brain tissue, cerebral infarction, or ischemic stroke. It is a sub-type of stroke along with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. There are two kinds of ischemia:

   · focal ischemia: confined to a specific region of the brain

   · global ischemia: encompasses wide areas of brain tissue.

Concussion = Mild Head Trauma = mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of traumatic brain injury. It is typically defined as a head injury with a temporary loss of brain function. Symptoms include a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms, which may not be recognized if subtle. A variety of signs accompany concussion including headache, feeling in a fog, and emotional changeability. In general, the signs can be categorized into physical signs (such as loss of consciousness or amnesia), behavioral changes (such as irritability), cognitive impairment (such as slowed reaction times), and sleep disturbances.

CTA = CT Angiography = Special X-ray equipment to display cross-sectional images of the arteries serving the brain to locate narrowed, overstretched or broken blood vessels and past strokes.

CVA = cerebrovascular accident = Stroke  = A medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.

 

D.

Dehydration = Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio above 25.

Dementia = See Also: Vascular, Lewy Bodies, Frontotemporal, Parkinson's, Huntington's = a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning. Other common symptoms include emotional problems, problems with language, and a decrease in motivation. A person's consciousness is usually not affected. A dementia diagnosis requires a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater decline than one would expect due to aging. These diseases also have a significant effect on a person's caregivers. The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which makes up 50% to 70% of cases Other common types include vascular dementia (25%), Lewy body dementia (15%), and frontotemporal dementia. Less common causes include normal pressure hydrocephalus, Parkinson's disease, syphilis, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease among others.

Depressive Pseudo Dementia = A syndrome seen in older people in which they exhibit symptoms consistent with dementia but the cause is actually depression.

Diagnostic Tests = A kind of medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disease processes, susceptibility, and determine a course of treatment. It is related to clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, and the procedures are typically performed in a medical laboratory.

Differential Diagnosis = The distinguishing of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features. Differential diagnostic procedures are used by physicians and other trained medical professionals to diagnose the specific disease in a patient, or, at least, to eliminate any imminently life-threatening conditions.

Differential Diagnostic Procedure = A systematic diagnostic method used to identify the presence of a disease where multiple alternatives are possible. This method is essentially a classic process of elimination.

 

E.

EEG = Electroencephalogram = Electrodes attached to the scalp measures the brain’s electrical activity (brain waves).

Endoscopy = The endoscopy procedure uses an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ.

Epidemiology = The study and analysis of the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.

Epilepsy = A group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of vigorous shaking.

Epileptic Phenomena = Usually refers to the preliminary Epileptic diagnosis before diagnostic tests are completed.

Episode = An incident or action standing out by itself, but more or less connected with a complete series of events.

Event = An episode of severe health conditions.

Excitotoxin = The pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged or killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and similar substances.

Executive Function = Includes basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Higher order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence (i.e., reasoning and problem solving)

 

F.

FRTA = Free Radical Theory of Aging = states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time. A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell. While a few free radicals such as melanin are not chemically reactive, most biologically-relevant free radicals are highly reactive. For most biological structures, free radical damage is closely associated with oxidative damage. Antioxidants are reducing agents, and limit oxidative damage to biological structures by passivating them from free radicals.

Focal Ischemia = Generally involves cessation of blood circulation, oxygen and nutrients in a particular region of an organ when an arterial vessel becomes blocked by a blood clot. The condition may occur anywhere in the body. When blockages happen in the brain, physicians commonly refer to the condition as an ischemic stroke. Physical symptoms associated with strokes occur because of immediate blockage and possible extensive damage. The sooner individuals seek diagnosis and physicians locate the focal ischemic lesion, the greater the possibility of preventing further damage or reversing symptoms.

FrontoTemporal Dementia = bvFTD = Behavior Variant FrontoTemporal Dementia = This condition is characterized by prominent changes in personality, interpersonal relationships and conduct that often occur in people in their 50s and 60s, but can develop as early as their 20s or as late as their 80s. In bvFTD, the nerve cell loss is most prominent in areas that control conduct, judgment, empathy and foresight, among other abilities.

 

G.

Glasgow Coma Score = A medical assessment take may take place during one's ER visit to give the provider a score based on your eye opening, verbal response, and motor response to stimuli.

GRAS = Generally Recognized as Safe = FDA food additive that has been tested.

Glutathione = An important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea. Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Gustatory Hallucinations = A type of hallucination that is the perception of taste without a stimulus. These hallucinations, which are typically strange or unpleasant, are relatively common among individuals who have certain types of focal epilepsy, especially temporal lobe epilepsy. The regions of the brain responsible for gustatory hallucination in this case are the insula and the superior bank of the sylvian fissure.

​

H.

Hemorrhagic Strokes = Occur when a blood vessel in the brain breaks or ruptures. The result is blood seeping into the brain tissue, causing damage to brain cells. The most common causes of hemorrhagic stroke are high blood pressure and brain aneurysms. An aneurysm is a weakness or thinness in the blood vessel wall.

Hypoxia = or cerebral anoxia, a reduced supply of oxygen to the brain

 

I.

Inflammation = Part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and initiate tissue repair.  The classical signs of inflammation are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore it is considered as a mechanism of innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immunity, which is specific for each pathogen. Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise the survival of the organism. In contrast, chronic inflammation may lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer (e.g., gallbladder carcinoma). Inflammation is therefore normally closely regulated by the body. Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation, such as mononuclear cells, and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.

Ischemic Stroke = Similar to a heart attack, except it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain. Clots can form in the brain's blood vessels, in blood vessels leading to the brain, or even in blood vessels elsewhere in the body and then travel to the brain. These clots block blood flow to the brain's cells. Ischemic stroke can also occur when too much plaque (fatty deposits and cholesterol) clogs the brain's blood vessels. About 80% of all strokes are ischemic. 

 

J.

      Empty

 

K.

      Empty

 

L.

      Empty

 

M.

Mad Cow Disease = Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) causes the brain to become damaged over time. Dementia is a symptom.

Malnutrition = Albumin concentration under 3 g/dL.

MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment = Decline in cognition including concentration, communication, memory, and orientation that may affect a person’s ability to conduct activities of daily living (ADLs).

Mental Health Counselor = A counselor with a master's degree working under the guidance of a licensed medical doctor often times in a clinic setting.

Microglia = A type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Microglia account for 10–15% of all cells found within the brain As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia (and other neuroglia including astrocytes) are distributed in large non-overlapping regions throughout the CNS. Microglia are key cells in overall brain maintenance—they are constantly scavenging the CNS for plaques, damaged or unnecessary neurons and synapses, and infectious agents. Since these processes must be efficient to prevent potentially fatal damage, microglia are extremely sensitive to even small pathological changes in the CNS.

Migraines = A migraine can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on just one side of the head. It's often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine attacks can cause significant pain for hours to days and can be so severe that the pain is disabling. Warning symptoms known as aura may occur before or with the headache. These can include flashes of light, blind spots, or tingling on one side of the face or in your arm or leg.

MSG = Monosodium Glutamate = Sodium Glutamate is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the most abundant naturally occurring non-essential amino acids. Monosodium glutamate is found naturally in tomatoes, cheese and other foods. MSG is used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer with an umami taste that intensifies the meaty, savory flavor of food, as naturally occurring glutamate does in foods such as stews and meat soups. It was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda, who was trying to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of kombu, an edible seaweed used as a base for many Japanese soups. MSG as a flavor enhancer balances, blends, and rounds the perception of other tastes. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given MSG its generally recognized as safe designation. A popular belief is that large doses of MSG can cause headaches and other feelings of discomfort.

MRI = Magnetic Resonance Imaging = use a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed, cross-sectional images of the brain.

MRI Angiography = Magnetic Resonance Imaging use a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed, cross-sectional images of arteries to evaluate for stenosis, occlusions, or aneurysms.

mTBI = See Concussion.

 

N.

Neurological Exam = Checks reflexes, muscle tone, muscle strength, sensory function, gait, posture, coordination, and balance. Also may ask questions to test thinking, judgment, and memory.

Neurologist = A doctor who specializes in neurology is called a neurologist. The neurologist treats disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, such as: Cerebrovascular disease, such as stroke. Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis.

Neurotransmittor = Chemical messengers are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. They transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another target neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by receptors on the target cells. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions.

Normal Cognition = Ability to recognize and name familiar objects and follow simple directions.

 

O.

Occlusion = A blockage of a vein or artery.

 

P.

Panic Attack = An intense episode of sudden fear that occurs when there’s no apparent threat or danger. In some cases, you may mistake the symptoms of a panic attack with a heart attack. You might experience a single panic attack. Or you might have multiple panic attacks throughout your life. If left untreated, recurrent panic attacks — and the fear of experiencing them — may lead you to avoid other people or public places. This may be a sign that you’ve developed a panic disorder.

Parkinson's Disease = Mostly affects older people but can also occur in younger adults. The symptoms are the result of the gradual degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls body movement and  that causes a gradual loss of muscle control. Symptoms tend to be mild at first and can sometimes be overlooked.

Pathophysiology = Seeks to explain the physiological processes or mechanisms whereby such condition develops and progresses.

Pathogenesis = Of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that leads to the diseased state. The term can also describe the origin and development of the disease, and whether it is acute, chronic, or recurrent.

Perimenopause = Means around the menopause, refers to the menopause transition years, a time before and after the date of the final episode of flow. Often normal memory loss due to other stressors.

Persistent Anxiety = A popular term for chronic anxiety, variously attributed to a serotonin imbalance; PA has a familial tendency and may have hereditary factors. Symptoms can be worry, irritability, insomnia, disturbed sleep, loss of concentration, tachycardia, tremor, hot flashes, nausea, diarrhea, upset stomach, SOB, headaches, or myalgia.

PPA = Primary Progressive Aphasia = This is the second major form of frontotemporal degeneration that affects language skills, speaking, writing and comprehension. PPA normally comes on in midlife, before age 65, but can occur in late life also. The two most distinctive forms of PPA have somewhat different symptoms

Psychiatrist = Medical doctors (MDs) who graduate from medical school, have a year of medical internship, and have 3 years of residency in the assessment and treatment of mental health disorders. Because of their medical training, psychiatrists can prescribe medication -- probably the most commonly known distinction between the two fields.

Psychogenic Amnesia = (PA) = Also known as dissociative amnesia, is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde episodic memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years. These memory gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. Often utilized in literature, TV, movies, and plays for theatrical story-line adaptations.

Psychologist = have a doctoral degree in an area of psychology, the study of the mind and human behavior. They’re not medical doctors. A psychologist can have a PhD in philosophy or a PsyD in clinical or counseling psychology. Typically, they do 1-2 years of internship. Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are also trained in giving psychological tests (like IQ tests or personality tests).

Psychotherapist = Aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills.

Pulsatile Tinnitus = The type of ear noise that is perceived as a rhythmic pulsing that is often in time with the heartbeat. It can be experienced as a thumping or whooshing sound. It is sometimes referred to as vascular tinnitus because in the majority of cases, it is related to disturbances in the blood flow.

 

Q.

      Empty

​

R.

Rate My Memory Test = A few pages of rating type questions about your memory, and then a report on your memory score with a sales pitch for a book and a link to a health care web site. Included here for reference, as there are many such sites that have information and linked opportunities to purchase their items.  We are not endorsing this site but offering it as reference.

Rate of Recurrence = How many times have you had a TGA, the number of days between episodes.

Recurrence Rate = Varies from 2.9 to 26.3% P. Quinette. Brain. 2006;129(pt7):1640-1658.

Repetitive Questions = “What am I doing here? How did we get here?

Retrograde Amnesia = A loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease.  It tends to negatively affect episodic, autobiographical, and declarative memory while usually keeping procedural memory intact with no difficulty for learning new knowledge.

 

S.

Seizure = The brain controls how the body moves by sending out small electrical signals through the nerves to the muscles. Seizures, or convulsions, occur when abnormal signals from the brain change the way the body functions. Seizures are different from person to person. Some people have only slight shaking of a hand and do not lose consciousness. Other people may become unconscious and have violent shaking of the entire body.

Serotonin = Primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) of humans. It is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness. Approximately 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it is used to regulate intestinal movements. The remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS, where it has various functions. These include the regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep. Serotonin also has some cognitive functions, including memory and learning. Modulation of serotonin at synapses is thought to be a major action of several classes of pharmacological antidepressants.

Spatial Memory = The part of memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and spatial orientation. For example, a person's spatial memory is required in order to navigate around a familiar city. Spatial memories are summarized as a cognitive map. Spatial memory has representations within working, short-term memory and long-term memory. Research indicates that there are specific areas of the brain associated with spatial memory.

Spreading Depression = The cortical part of the brain an electrical shut down of neurons that maybe the aura at the beginning of a migraine that starts at the edge of the visual field.

Stenosis = Abnormal narrowing of arteries.

Stroke = A stroke, sometimes called a "brain attack," occurs when blood flow to an area in the brain is cut off. The brain cells, deprived of the oxygen and glucose needed to survive, die. If a stroke is not caught early, permanent brain damage or death can result.

Symptomatology = A branch of medicine dealing with symptoms and deals with the signs and indications of a disease.

 

T.

TEA = Transient Epileptic Amnesia = A person experiencing a TEA episode has very little short-term memory, so that there is profound difficulty remembering events in the past few minutes (anterograde amnesia), or of events in the hours prior to the onset of the attack, and even memories of important events in recent years may not be accessible during the amnestic event (retrograde amnesia). Some people report short-lived retrograde amnesia so deep that they do not recognize their home or family members, though personal identity is preserved. The amnestic attack has a sudden onset. Three-fourths of cases are reported upon awakening. In attacks that begin when an individual is fully alert, olfactory hallucinations or a "strange taste" or nausea have been reported. Somewhat less than half the cases include olfactory or gustatory hallucinations, and slightly more than a third involve motor automatisms. A quarter of attacks involve a brief period of unresponsiveness. Frequently, however, there is no warning. During the attack the person's cognitive functions are not generally impaired; perception, communication, attention are normal for most of the duration of the event. In half the cases reported, behavior includes repetitive questioning to attempt to orient experience as the brain fails to lay down new memories or recall a range of recent experiences.

TGA = Transient Global Amnesia = A neurological disorder whose key defining characteristic is a temporary but almost total disruption of short-term memory. TGA has been a well-described phenomenon for more than 40 years. Clinically, it manifests with a paroxysmal, transient loss of memory function. Immediate recall ability is preserved, as is remote memory; however, patients experience striking loss of memory for recent events and an impaired ability to retain new information. In some cases, the degree of retrograde memory loss is mild. Many patients are anxious or agitated and may repeatedly ask questions concerning transpiring events. Upon mental status examination, language function is preserved, which indicates a preservation of semantic and syntax memory. Attention is spared, visual-spatial skills are intact, and social skills are retained. Symptoms typically last less than 24 hours. As the syndrome resolves, the amnesia improves, but the patient may be left with a distinct lapse of recollection for events during the attack. Generally, TGA is a solitary event, however, patients can experience more than one event with very similar symptoms and recovery.

Thyroid Problem =The thyroid hormones also play a role in maintaining normal sexual function, sleep, and thought patterns. Increased levels are associated with increased speed of thought generation but decreased focus. Sexual function, including libido and the maintenance of a normal menstrual cycle, are influenced by thyroid hormones.

TIA = Transient Ischemic Attack = is like a stroke, producing similar symptoms, but usually lasting only a few minutes and causing no permanent damage. Often called a mini-stroke, a transient ischemic attack may be a warning. About 1 in 3 people who have a transient ischemic attack will eventually have a stroke, with about half occurring within a year after the transient ischemic attack. A transient ischemic attack can serve as both a warning and an opportunity — a warning of an impending stroke and an opportunity to take steps to prevent it. Transient ischemic attacks usually last a few minutes. Most signs and symptoms disappear within an hour. The signs and symptoms of a TIA resemble those found early in a stroke and may include sudden onset of:

   · Numbness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, typically on one side of your body

   · Slurred or garbled speech or difficulty understanding others

   · Blindness in one or both eyes or double vision

   · Dizziness or loss of balance or coordination

   · Sudden, severe headache with no known cause

You may have more than one TIA, and the recurrent signs and symptoms may be similar or different depending on which area of the brain is involved.

​Tinnitus = The hearing of sound when no external sound is present.  While often described as a ringing, it may also sound like a clicking, hiss or roaring.

TTA = Transient Topographical Amnesia = The temporary inability to find one's way in familiar or unfamiliar surroundings due to the inability to use well known environmental landmarks for route finding. The syndrome has not been described as having any obvious etiology and has been thought to be caused by a vascular deficit in right hemispheric structures which are crucial for topographic recognition.

 

U.

      Empty

 

V.

Vascular Tinnitus = see Pulsatile Tinnitus.

 

W.

      Empty

 

X.

X-ray = Special photographs using negative film to see bones or cancer tumors.

 

Y.

      Empty

 

Z.

      Empty